![]() We propose a method that allows variations in relational expressions of the spray-describing variables to be considered as part of the injection process capability study. At high fuel injection pressures and ambient temperature, the evolution of microalgae oil spray was completely different from the baseline mineral diesel, suggesting its far worse fuel atomization with a 41–49% larger droplet size distribution, a 40–58% narrower spray cone angle, and a 307–419% longer distance from the exit of the nozzle to the break-up point. In this study, mathematical equations proposed by Lyshevsky and later approved by Razleytcev and Kuleshov were further rearranged to obtain dimensionless parameters capable of characterizing the variation of the integral liquid “core” length of a microalgae oil spray, the integral Sauter mean diameter, and the integral spray cone half-angle tangent for a broad range of injection pressures and preheating temperatures. Finally, future high-energy batteries and their management technologies will actively embrace the information and energy internet for data and energy sharing.Ī possibility of obtaining the micro- and macroparameters of a microalgae oil spray very similar to that of a diesel fuel as well as of ensuring the good level of their correspondence within a wide range of injection pressures distinct from mechanical fuel injection systems (800–1400 bar) and common rail direct injection systems (2000–2500 bar) will definitely lead to the fact that microalgae oil is at or very near commercialization. Technologies of move-and-charge and wireless power drive will help alleviate the overdependence of batteries. Meanwhile, the data-driven electrothermal model is promising and identified with an impressive performance. Wherein, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal batteries (such as solid state batteries), and technologies beyond lithium (‘post-lithium’) will be actively explored in the next decades. This critical review envisions the development trends of battery chemistry technologies, technologies regarding batteries, and technologies replacing batteries. The key is to reveal the major features, pros and cons, new technological breakthroughs, future challenges, and opportunities for advancing electric mobility. This article reviews the evolutions and challenges of (i) state-of-the-art battery technologies and (ii) state-of-the-art battery management technologies for hybrid and pure EVs. ![]() Advances in EV batteries and battery management interrelate with government policies and user experiences closely. Popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) is an effective solution to promote carbon neutrality, thus combating the climate crisis.
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